In physics, elasticity (from Greek ἐλαστός \"ductible\") is the tendency of solid materials to return to their original shape after being deformed. P waves are also audible. Elastic moduli are properties of materials, not objects. tendency of solid materials to return to their original shape after being deformed However, after it has deformed a certain amount, the object can no longer take the strain and will break or fracture. “Elasticity theory” redirects here. Young's modulus is defined for all shapes and sizes by the same rule, but for convenience sake let's imagine a rod of length ℓ0 and cross sectional area A being stretched by a force F to a new length ℓ0 + âℓ. The elasticity of materials is described by a stress–strain curve, which shows the relation between stress (the average restorative internal force per unit area) and strain (the relative deformation). However, until certain point … For instance, Young's modulus applies to extension/compression of a body, whereas the shear modulus applies to its shear. This theory is commonly applied in the analysis of engineering structures and of seismic disturbances. The SI unit of stress is the newton per square meter, which is given the special name pascal in honor of Blaise Pascal (1623â1662) the French mathematician (Pascal's triangle), physicist (Pascal's principle), inventor (Pascal's calculator), and philosopher (Pascal's wager). Gases have a bulk modulus that varies with initial pressure, which makes it more of a subject for thermodynamics â in particular the gas laws. depends only on the order in which the body has occupied its past configurations, but not on the time rate at which these past configurations were traversed. Extension is directly proportional to force. G Therefore, Cauchy elasticity includes non-conservative “non-hyperelastic” models (in which work of deformation is path dependent) as well as conservative “hyperelastic material” models (for which stress can be derived from a scalar “elastic potential” function). {\displaystyle G} This is an ideal concept only; most materials which possess elasticity in practice remain purely elastic only up to very small deformations, after which plastic (permanent) deformation occurs. The different macroscopic elastic properties of steel and rubber result from their very different microscopic structures. Recall Hooke's law — first stated formally by Robert Hooke in The True Theory of Elasticity or Springiness(1676)… which can be translated literally into… or translated formally into… Most likely we'd replace the word "extension" with the symbol (∆x), "force" with the symbol (F), and "is directly proportional to" with an equals sign (=) and a constant of proportionality (k), then, to … For rubbers and other polymers, elasticity is caused by the stretching of polymer chains when forces are applied. It expresses, in terms of macroscopic quantities, something about the nature (or constitution) of the material. := As a special case, this criterion includes a Cauchy elastic material, for which the current stress depends only on the current configuration rather than the history of past configurations. 1. This law can be stated as a relationship between tensile force F and corresponding extension displacement x. where k is a constant known as the rate or spring constant. G Substances that display a high degree of elasticity are termed "elastic."
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