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All serum samples were tested for antibodies to WNV by epitope-blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Our findings demonstrate the importance for continued WNV surveillance in Mexico.

West Nile virus (WNV) is a member of the Japanese encephalitis virus complex within the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae ().The virus is transmitted in natural cycles mainly between mosquitoes and birds, with humans and horses serving as incidental hosts ().WNV was first isolated in 1937 from the blood of a febrile adult human in the West Nile District of Uganda ().

Antibodies to West Nile virus were detected by epitope-blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and confirmed by plaque reduction neutralization test in 15 (62.5%) horses. The emergence of West Nile virus in North America: ecology, epidemiology, and surveillance. The climatic conditions of the three study sites are similar and can be described as hot, dry, and arid.

The horses with clinical signs were from 1 to 5 years of age; three were male, and two were female.

We are currently conducting avian infection surveillance in the State of Coahuila and the neighboring states of Tamaulipas and Nuevo Leon.

Viral isolates of WNV (strain NY99-35261-11) and SLEV (strain TBH-28) were obtained from the World Health Organization Center for Arbovirus Reference and Research, maintained at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Fort Collins, CO. PRNTs were performed by using Vero cells.

Emerg Infect Dis. The veterinarian reported a great abundance of mosquitoes in the area. However, the sample population (n=24) in the present serosurvey was notably small, and data from our large equine serosurvey will provide a more reliable estimate of the asymptomatic seropositivity rate. This virus was first recognized in the U.S. in August of 1999. These two reports provide the first published evidence of WNV activity in horses in Mexico.

Horses represent 96.9% of all reported non-human mammalian cases of WNV disease. Serologic Evidence of West Nile Virus Infection in Horses, Coahuila State, Mexico.

Coahuila State is bordered on the north by Texas. Serologic Evidence of West Nile Virus Infection in Horses, Coahuila State, Mexico.

For the equine population, West Nile virus in horses is transmitted when a mosquito takes a blood meal from a bird infected with West Nile Virus, then feeds on a horse.

Rapid detection of West Nile virus from human clinical specimens, field-collected mosquitoes, and avian samples by a TaqMan reverse transcriptase-PCR assay. Beaty, unpub.

Epitope-blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the detection of serum antibodies to West Nile virus in multiple avian species. Since 1999, over 25,000 cases of WNV encephalitis have been reported in U.S. horses.

Since then, WNV’s geographic range has increased. Dr. Blitvich is a postdoctoral scientist in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology at Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO. His research interests include the mechanisms of vector and host interactions in arbovirus transmission cycles.

PDF | On Jan 1, 2016, Susan Kerr and others published West Nile Virus Prevention: Horses | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate

With the continuing health threat of West Nile virus to horses, ongoing research to learn more about the disease and develop effective prevention and control measures, becomes even more important. In the equine population, the virus is transmitted when a mosquito takes a blood meal from a bird infected with WNV, then feeds on a horse. All five horses survived. West Nile virus (WNV) is a member of the Japanese encephalitis virus complex within the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae ().The virus is transmitted in natural cycles mainly between mosquitoes and birds, with humans and horses serving as incidental hosts ().WNV was first isolated in 1937 from the blood of a febrile adult human in the West Nile District of Uganda (). Clinical symptoms included ataxia, weakness of limbs, trembling, and anxiety.

In humans and equines, WNV infection is usually asymptomatic or characterized by a mild febrile illness, although fatal meningoencephalitis or encephalitis may occur (3–5). In the present study, blood samples were taken from 24 domestic horses at study sites located in Ciudad Acuña, Jiménez, and Saltillo (Figure).

data). Ages and sexes of horses without clinical symptoms were not documented.

Fourteen serum samples were positive in blocking ELISA that utilized MAb 3.1112G (Table). A more extensive equine serosurvey is currently under way and will be described in detail elsewhere (B.J. Please use the form below to submit correspondence to the authors or contact them at the following address: Barry J. Beaty, Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523, USA; fax: 970-491-8323. Another six horses were sampled in Jiménez and four in Saltillo, none of which had signs of illness.

Figure. We were unable to detect RNA in any horse serum by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction with WNV-specific primers (14).

Previously, we observed that the nonspecific inhibition values for serum samples from noninfected control birds ranged from 0% to 24.3% (9). 2003;9(7):853-856. https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid0907.030166.

Horses may be exposed to West Nile virus and not show signs, but of those that are infected and become ill about 35 percent die or are euthanized.

In the accompanying manuscript, we report the detection of antibodies to WNV in horses in the State of Yucatan (15). This study was supported by grant U50 CCU820510 from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and in part by grant AI45430 from the National Institutes of Health.

Evidence for WNV infections was detected in 5 (100%) of 5 horses with clinical symptoms, and 10 (52.6%) of 19 horses without clinical symptoms. Serologic Evidence of West Nile Virus Infection in Horses, Coahuila State, Mexico. The case was not reported immediately, and we were unable to obtain a tissue specimen postmortem. Therefore, the rate of asymptomatic seropositivity was high, with 10 (66.7%) of 15 WNV-infected horses showing no signs of illness.

Since 1999, more than 25,000 cases of WNV encephalitis have been reported in U.S. horses.

Fifteen (62.5%) horses were considered to be seropositive for WNV by PRNT because the antibody titers for WNV were less than fourfold higher that the corresponding SLEV titer (Table). CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website.


New detections of West Nile Virus in California horses – prevention tips from CDFA Posted on August 31, 2020 by Office of Public Affairs A total of six California horses have tested positive in recent weeks for West Nile Virus, with three of the cases in the Central Valley, one in the Sierra foothills, and two in Riverside County.

The Saltillo site is situated at an elevation of approximately 1500 m. A horse from the Ciudad Acuña ranch died October 17, 3 days after being observed with neurologic signs.

Serum samples were tested by using a starting dilution of 1:20. Titers were expressed as the reciprocal of serum dilutions reducing the number of plaques that were >90% (PRNT90).

These viruses are maintained in cycles between mosquitoes and birds (2). The Ciudad Acuña and Jiménez sites are approximately 40 km apart, and both are <15 km from the Texas border.

In summary, we have obtained serologic evidence for antibodies to WNV in horses in the State of Coahuila, Mexico. Saving Lives, Protecting People, *Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA, †Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Nuevo Leon, Mexico, ‡Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.

http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/pphb-dgspsp/wnv-vwn/mon_e.html#sitrep, http://www.tdh.state.tx.us/zoonosis/diseases/Arboviral/westNile/default.asp, www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/ep/WNV/summary.html, Serologic Evidence of West Nile Virus Infection in Horses, Coahuila State, Mexico, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Blitvich BJ, Fernandez-Salas I, Contreras-Cordero JF, Marlenee NL, Gonzalez-Rojas JI, Komar N, et al.

Recently, we have shown that ELISAs performed with MAb 3.1112G detect WNV antibodies in various vertebrate species, including horses (9,11).

We thank Nicolas Fernandez-Rangel, Oscar Lorenzana, and Leopoldo Chavarria for collecting serum specimens. WNV will probably become endemic in Mexico, which is a major concern to public health authorities in the Americas.

Serologic survey of domestic animals for zoonotic arbovirus infections in the Lacandón Forest Region of Chiapas, Mexico.

According to the owners, none of the horses had ever been outside the State of Coahuila, and none of the horses had been vaccinated against WNV.

On December 19, with the assistance of a local veterinary practitioner, we sampled 14 horses at this site, 5 of which had developed neurologic disease in mid- to late October.

West Nile Virus in Horses: Symptoms, Treatment and Prevention Originating in Africa, West Nile Virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne disease, which was first identified in the United States in 1999.

Preliminary evidence suggests that several birds from a region in Nuevo Leon State have antibodies to WNV (I. Fernandez-Salas, unpub. Serologic evidence of West Nile virus infection in horses, Yucatan State, Mexico. West Nile Virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne virus that can cause encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) or meningitis (inflammation of the lining of the brain and spinal cord) in humans and horses. Blocking ELISAs were performed by using the WNV-specific monoclonal antibody (MAb) 3.1112G, as previously described (9). Geographic location of West Nile virus study sites in Coahuila State, Mexico.

New detections of West Nile Virus in California horses – prevention tips from CDFA Posted on August 31, 2020 by Office of Public Affairs A total of six California horses have tested positive in recent weeks for West Nile Virus, with three of the cases in the Central Valley, one in the Sierra foothills, and two in Riverside County.

Mosquitoes acquire the virus from infected birds and transmit it.

Epitope-Blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the detection of West Nile virus antibodies in domestic mammals. Similarly, 21 (58.3%) of 36 WNV-infected horses sampled during a serosurvey in New York in 1999 showed no clinical signs (13).
Bradley J. Blitvich*, Ildefonso Fernandez-Salas†, Juan F. Contreras-Cordero†, Nicole L. Marlenee*, Jose I. Gonzalez-Rojas†, Nicholas Komar‡, Duane J. Gubler‡, Charles H. Calisher*, and Barry J. Beaty*, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Therefore, if we used a less stringent threshold value of >25%, this serum could be considered positive for WNV antibodies. Testing for neutralizing antibody to SLEV was important because this virus is enzootic in the Americas and antibodies to WNV and SLEV often cross-react.

Provisional surveillance summary of the West Nile Virus epidemic—United States, January–November 2002. West Nile Virus. The sites in Ciudad Acuña and Jiménez are approximately 300 m above sea level.

Serum from another horse (H-16) inhibited the binding of MAb by 25%, which is close to the diagnostic criterion.

United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS). The average annual temperature ranges from 18°C to 22°C. We report the first West Nile virus activity in northern Mexico. West Nile Virus in Horses: Symptoms, Treatment and Prevention June 1, 2020 Robin Bradford Monthly Editorial Originating in Africa, West Nile Virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne disease, which was first identified in the United States in 1999.

Learn about the disease, its entrance into North American, and how to protect your horses.

For example, an equine case was the first indication of WNV activity in 29% (660/2,289) of the United States counties to report virus activity in 2002 (6).

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