unsolved questions in physics


Many theories have been thrown around, for example that particle genesis favored one way of creating matter, but nothing conclusive has popped up. This cosmic acceleration is difficult to explain unless a pervasive repulsive force constantly pushes outward on the fabric of space and time. But until we find those elusive solutions, our knowledge will be incomplete. Fortunately, the primordial universe left behind a few clues. It's tempting to say that the universe must be full of dark clouds of dust or dead stars and be done with it, but there are persuasive arguments that this is not the case. So if you manage it, there’s a million dollars in it for you. To the contrary, each new discovery seems to unlock a Pandora’s box of even bigger, even deeper physics questions.

But once temperatures dropped enough, the same hydrogen, helium, deuterium, and lithium atoms that are around today formed, ready to start a long journey into becoming dust, planets, stars, galaxies, and lawyers. String theory posits that gravitons (and other particles) are closed loops of energy, but the mathematical work hasn’t yielded much insight so far. Einstein's theories of matter and space-time, which depend upon more familiar benchmarks, cannot explain what caused the hot primordial pinpoint of the universe to inflate into the universe we see today. So far, those calculations appear to show that the universe’s vacuum might not be in the lowest possible energy state. Then the equation takes into account all of the various forces that act on this parcel—gravity, friction, pressure—and tries to determine how the parcel’s velocity should respond. Maxwell created a new era of physics when he unified magnetism and electricity. If you’ve ever watched an episode of Star Trek or The Big Bang Theory, then you know that physics can be made accessible to the masses in a fun way. Is it a random digit pulled out of a bag of numbers when a new universe explodes into existance? Turner and many other cosmologists now believe the lumps of the universe — vast stretches of void punctuated by galaxies and galactic clusters — are probably vastly magnified versions of quantum fluctuations of the original, subatomic-size universe. In mathematics, singularities come up all the time — dividing by zero is one instance, and a vertical line on a coordinate plane has an "infinite" slope. It isn't even clear that gravitons are massless, though if they have a mass at all, it's very, very small — smaller than that of neutrinos, which are among the lightest particles known. Perhaps we will never find it. And how would it interact with the rest of the universe? If you take some water and hit it with sound waves, bubbles will form. Perhaps we were the result of an accident with a particle accelerator. But the mystery of what occurs at the heart of a black hole is still unsolved. But physicists are hopeful that dark matter particles might be produced in the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), where they could be studied. Not long ago, physicists thought neutrinos were massless, but recent advances indicate that these particles may have a small mass. The problem is, it's far from clear what the source of the light is. Einstein's laws of relativity govern the very big, while quantum mechanics is king in the realm of the very small. This is called a Grand Unified Theory (GUT) or just the Theory of Everything.

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