The Indus, one of Earth's major rivers, drains large parts of the NW Himalaya and the Transhimalayan ranges that form part of the western Tibetan Plateau margin. The lake formation is attributed to deglaciation after the Last Glacial maximum (LGM) and Holocene warming. J Glaciol 31:143, Burbank DW et al (1996) Bedrock incision, rock uplift and threshold hillslopes in the, Clift PD, Shimizu N, Layne G, Gaedicke C, Schl, Colorado front range. By contrast, Ladakh, Bhatnagar A, Gandhi SL (1991) Astronomical and atmospheric observations in Ladakh region, with long term view of setting up a national high altitude astronomical observatory for infrared. The Himalayan Rivers existed even before the formation of Himalayas i.e. In Nanga Parbat zone, the slope. PDF; PDF 366 Indus River System | Geography | By. typical disposition of the landforms. uses, backed up by land conservation measures are called have developed over a relatively stable platform, and proper investigation. Dear Friends, Hereby we have provided you key points about Indus Valley Civilzation which are important from examination point of view. From Spituk, downstream, river migrated to the highly deformed Indus Molasse and entered into, narrow gorge. They also made boats to travel up and down the rivers for commutation. Ladakh, northwest India, lies in the rain shadow zone of the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) where sand ramps provide a good record of past aeolian activity. It supplies water for both drinking and irrigation. Evidence for neotectonic, though Signed on 27 No vember, 2 and 23 December 1960 Official text : English. The overall patchy landform age constraints from earlier studies can be reconciled by postulating a major deglacial control on sediment flux, valley infilling, and subsequent incision that has been modulated locally by backwater effects of natural damming. The Indus River 58 Hydrology of the Upper Indus Basin 61 Glacier Climates of the Upper Indus Basin 63 Distributed Process Models of Glaciers and Total Basin Runoff 65 Climate and Stream Flow Variability in the Upper Indus Basin 72 Note 75 References 75. Download the file: PDF (english) The transboundary river basin profile is a summary of key information that gives an overview of the water resources and water use at the river basin level, including the transboundary water issues. In this region to reduce the risk of recurrent flood disasters, there is a critical need need for applied research and development of an operational flood monitoring and prediction system. 0. This snow melts in every summer and con-, Average 30-year climatic data of Ladakh Himalaya from 1930 to 1960 showing monthly, uctuation in maximum and minimum temperatures, relative humidity, rainfall, and wind speed, ood; at that time, Indian Air Force records 250. oods in the years 1928, 1929, 1955, 1957, 1959, 1973, 1976, 1988, 1992, ). distribution of the fluvial, River systems in the Himalaya have been studied extensively to understand the processes driving periodic river valley aggradation and incision resulting due to rainfall, high relief, and ongoing deformation. The Indus River aligned itself along Karakoram Fault (KF) in SW Tibet and entered into NE Ladakh by diverging 90° at upstream Chumathang. Hindustan Publishing, New Delhi, pp 39, Garzanti E, Van Haver T (1988) The Indus clastics: forearc basin sedimentation in the, Henderson AL, Foster GL, Najman Y (2010a) Testing the application of in situ Sm, analysis on detrital apatites: a provenance tool for constraining the timing of India, Henderson AL, Najman Y, Parrish R, BouDagher-Fadel M, Barford D, Garzanti E, And, (2010b) Geology of the cenozoic Indus Basin sedimentary rocks: Paleo environmental, interpretation of sedimentation from the western Himalaya during the early phases of India, Henderson AL, Najman Y, Parrish R, Mark DF, Foster GL (2011) Constraints to the timing of, the Indus-Tsangpo suture zone, Ladakh, India. �5�po+�rM�����Y�. Cronin VS (1989) Structural setting of the Skardu intermontane basin, Karkoram Himalaya, Damm B (2006) Late quaternary glacier advances in the upper catchment area of the Indus River, (Ladakh and Western Tibet). ll and dissection in the Indus River, western Tibetan Plateau margin. Tectonophysics 101:207, Uddin K, Gurung DR, Giriraj A, Shrestha B (2013) Application of remote sensing and GIS for, Williams GP (1978) Bank-full discharge of rivers. In the northeastern Ladakh, braided pattern of Indus has maximum valley width of *4 km. The ITSZ is the zone that archives collisional geology of India, Lhasa-Karakoram block are situated north to the ITSZ and Indus Molasse, and, Tethyan sediments and High Himalayan Crystalline Compl, and Punjab plain (Pakistan) in the Indus River, Karakoram Fault (KF) in SW Tibet and entered into NE Ladakh by diverging 90° at upstream, represent the southern margin of Eurasian plate and are the assemblages of low, The Cambrian to Eocene Tethyan sediments, south to the ITSZ, consists of, meta-sedimentary and sedimentary rocks deposited at the passive margin of the, Indian plate. Secondly, since the river was so close, the cities were built on giant platforms and elevated grounds for protection from seasonal flood and polluted water. Mass movements, catastrophic land sliding and tectonic activity transported material from steep slopes to valley bottoms which were responsible for forming lakes (preserved as thick piles of fine sediment), while the outburst floods redistributed sediment down valley. Technical report on the project of Department of Science and Technology, Brown ET et al (2002) Slip rates of the Karakoram fault, Ladakh, India, determined determined, using cosmic ray exposure dating of debris, Burbank DW, Fort MB (1985) Bedrock control on glacial limits: examples from the Ladakh and, Zanskar ranges, north-western Himalaya, India. In order to observe and quantify the variations between submarine channels and subaerial rivers, we present a first-ever geomorphometric investigation of one single system, where the fluvial river is compared with its offshore counterpart from source-to-sink. Flowing west, it enters India in the Ladakh district of Jammu and Kashmir. Local deformation within the lake beds in the eastern half of the basin is probably due to interaction with glaciers. Field data suggest that the lineaments generally reflect distributed shear along myriad small faults rather than displacement exclusively localized on major, discrete fault surfaces. Constraints from IRSL samples of lacustrine sequences from the Leh-Spituk area reveal a protracted lake phase from >177 ka to 72 ka, locally accumulating >50-m thick deposits. In Ladakh, it runs through both Indus, Molasse and Ladakh Batholith, whereas in Leh Valley, it large, zone (litho-tectonic contact of Indus Molasse and Ladakh Batholith). fertilized and actively helping in economic growth of the Pakistan. To achieve this, we implemented the MARINA 1.0 model (Model to Assess River The major location in the NW Himalaya, s catchment. In the present work, a transect between Nimo and Batalik along the river was studied to consider the geomorphological landform evolution during the Quaternary based on the distribution of the sediments along the valley. Am J Geogr Inf Syst. The Indus River is one of the most beautiful rivers of India.Together with its tributaries, the Indus River forms an important river system, which helps the agricultural economy of India. eld ME, Andrews-Speed CP (1984) Sedimentology, petrography and tectonic signi, ysch and molasse clastic deposits across the Indus suture zone, Ladakh, NW, ter HU, Clark M, Amjad S (2001) Development, cance for the erosional history of the western Himalaya and, uence, northernmost Ladakh, India. The IBIS has 3 major multipurpose storage reservoirs, 19 barrages, 12 inter-river link canals, 45 major irrigation canal commands (covering over 18 million hectares), and over 120,000 watercourses delivering water to farms and other productive uses. However, these valleys were incised at the rate of, The straths of Indus River, at NPHM, northwestern Himalayan synta, The paleo-lakes in Ladakh are being used to understand the paleo-climate and, neotectonics. Sand ramps are ubiquitous in Leh Valley whose chronology suggests that the accretion of eolian sediments started before 44 ka and continued up to ~8 ka with dominant arid phase between 25 and 17 ka. Morphostratigraphy and palaeo climate appraisal of the Lehvalley, Ladakh Himalayas, India. The Indus River is very famous for trout, Indus dolphin in Pakistan. We review the late Quaternary valley history in this region with a focus on the confluence of the Indus and Zanskar Rivers, where vast alluvial terrace staircases and lake sediments record major episodes of aggradation and incision. The strath terraces formation seems to be controlled by rapid incision in the western syntaxis zone of Himalaya and tectonics of the deforming Indus Molasse. Arid part of Himalaya is prone to episodic rainfall events that usually occur during, the summers. These differences are primarily attributed to a single-point (canyon-fed) distributary flow and a multi-point (tributary-fed) cumulative flow source system, and density contrasts between river flows and turbidity currents. These differences do not appear to reflect either climatic or tectonic controls. The regional climate in the upper reaches of the Indus, i.e., in southwest Tibet, NW, Ladakh, and NPHM, is cold and semiarid. The second glaciation, the Batal Glacial Stage, is represented by highly weathered and dissected lateral moraines. Earth Sci Rev 106:265, Hobley D. E. J, Sinclair H. D, Mudd S. M (2012) Reconstruction of a major storm event from its, Kotlia BS, Shukla UK, Bhalla MS, Mathur PD, Pant CC (1997) Quaternary, deposits of the Lamayuru Basin, Ladakh Himalaya: preliminary multidisciplinary investiga-, Kumar A, Srivastava P, Meena NK (2016) Late Pleistocene aeolian activity in the cold desert, Ladakh: a record from sand ramps. b The Indus flowing along the ITSZ in the Leh Valley, where the average valley width is *1200 m. Here, the Indus diverted its path from suture zone to molasse downstream to Leh, a Map showing the extension of filled and strath terraces along the Indus River in the vicinity of Karakoram Fault, Upshi-Bazgo thrust, and ITSZ. Geol Soc Am Bull 118:383, Owen LA, Kamp U, Khattak GA, Harp EL, Keefer DK, Bauer MA (2008) Landslides triggered by, the 8 October 2005 Kashmir earthquake. Registered by India on 16 January 1962. Increasing population pressure along the Indus River has polluted the Indus, River in Ladakh and Pakistan. Human interference, like construction of, uent directly into the Indus, increases the Indus water toxicity and are. The preserved vestiges of the upper Cenozoic Bunthang sedimentary sequence reflect Skardu’s early basin phase. Nineteen regional glacial stages are recognized that are termed semi-arid western Himalayan-Tibetan stages (SWHTS). The geomorphic evolution of the upper Indus River that traverses across the southwest (SW) edge of Tibet, and the Ladakh and Zanskar ranges, was examined along a ~350-km-long stretch of its reaches. Based on the longitudinal river profile, stream length gradient index, and river/strath terraces, this stretch of the river is divided into four segments. <> The Indus river follows a long and straight course in Ladakh, running between the Ladakh and the Zaskar ranges. Thus, this study aims at a better understanding of the magnitude and sources of current (2010) and future (2050) river export of nitrogen (N) by the Indus River at the sub-basin scale. hill slope erosion and fluvio-lacustrine activity. It forms a spectacular gorge near Gilgit(at Bunzi, north of Nanga Parbat) in Jammu and Kashmir. nuclide surface exposure dating of the oldest glacial successions in the Himalayan orogen. with fewer signatures of lacustrine and aeolian processes. The OSL chronology suggests that aridity and aeolian activity was dominant during 25–17 ka and <12–8 ka. a Indus flowing along the Karakoram Fault (KF). Mapping and forty-seven new 10Be ages help define the timing of glaciation in the Ladakh and Pangong Ranges in Northwest India. 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