introduction to universe pdf

1 Week 1: Introduction to the Universe 1. But most of our nearest stars are between 100 and 1000 light years away from Earth. endobj Figure 1.2: View of Orion and Actual Distance to Stars. The dust particles and small rocks burn up in the atmosphere leaving behind brief trails in the sky witnessed as meteors. We are familiar with the constellations that we see regularly in the night sky - a distinctive pattern of stars. 10 0 obj The Large Magellanic Cloud is 170 000 light years away, while the Small Magellanic Cloud is at a distance of 210 000 light years. Four spacecraft flying in formation near the Earth. Conducting joint studies with Cluster and Double Star should increase the overall scientific return from both missions. Some of the nearest stellar clusters are visible with the naked eye. Dark Matter and Dark Energy dominate the current energy density of the Universe are inferred on the basis of astronomical data alone are most likely explained by physics at extremely high energies are tested by purely astronomical (DE) or by mixed (DM) experiments WMAP3 (Note - if the Earth were a perfect sphere precession would not occur.). A light year is the distance light travels through empty space in the course of one year. The majority are found between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter in a region known as the asteroid belt. It is hard to comprehend the enormity of our Universe. %�� The tail of a comet consists of two parts: a whiter part made of dust, which always points away from the Sun, and a blue part consisting of ionised gas. It is believed that the Milky Way-Andromeda cluster is part of an even bigger supercluster along with Virgo-Coma cluster. ESA has a number of mission that analyse various aspects of this solar emission. As they approach the Sun, however, solar radiation vaporizes the gases in the comet and the characteristic comet 'tail' is formed. But beyond the Milky Way, there are billions of other galaxies, too.

In other words, it means that everything that could in prin-ciple have happened here did in fact happen somewhere else. ESA uses cookies to track visits to our website only, no personal information is collected. endstream The resulting crater is 175 m deep, 1500 m wide and scattered debris in a 15 km radius. 1 light year = 9.461 x 10 12 km = 5.878 x 10 12 miles.

The knowledge of the nature and evolution of heavenly bodies also brings us the answer to many questions about the origin and destiny of mankind. It is estimated that more than 200 million kg of meteoritic material is swept up by the Earth each year, with around 10% reaching the ground.
By identifying certain stellar properties it is then possible to calibrate a distance scale out to our galactic neighbours. Double Star follows in the footsteps of ESA's ground-breaking Cluster mission by studying the effects of the Sun on the Earth's environment. The stars appear to rotate around one point in the sky.

pulsars - a rapidly spinning neutron star emitting pulses of radiation like a lighthouse. The next nearest rich cluster of galaxies, the Virgo cluster, is around 60 million light years away. An observatory viewing and investigating the Sun from its deep core, through its outer atmosphere (the corona) and the powerful solar wind. Comets are mainly found in two regions of the Solar System: the Kuiper belt, a region that extends from around the orbit of Pluto to about 500 AU from the Sun, and the Oort Cloud (from the Kuiper Belt to about 50 000 AU from the Sun). From any given location on Earth it is possible to view around 7000 stars with the naked eye and countless more with a telescope. During the course of one night, the constellations appear to move across the sky. The image alongside shows the Barringer Meteor Crater in the United States. Each planet travels around the Sun in an elliptical orbit that is held in place by the gravitational attraction between the Sun and the planet. This optical effect occurs because the Earth itself is rotating about axis. 9 0 obj Typically comets are just a few kilometres across, which makes them very difficult to spot for most of their orbit. Due to their relatively well-known distances, and the similarities that tend to exist among their stars, stellar clusters play an important role in astrophysics. Over 100 000 asteroids larger than one kilometre in diameter are known to exist, with more being discovered all the time. In addition these giant planets were able to enhance their atmospheres by capturing gas atoms moving more slowly due to the colder temperatures. << /BitsPerComponent 8 /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB /Filter /FlateDecode /Height 250 /SMask 15 0 R /Subtype /Image /Type /XObject /Width 940 /Length 21256 >> The Solar System is believed to extend out to at least 150 000 million km from the Sun, although the planets are all found within about 6000 million km. << /Type /XRef /Length 69 /Filter /FlateDecode /DecodeParms << /Columns 5 /Predictor 12 >> /W [ 1 3 1 ] /Index [ 9 29 ] /Info 22 0 R /Root 11 0 R /Size 38 /Prev 100144 /ID [<1e767802a7d2512248785fd414381c23><1e767802a7d2512248785fd414381c23>] >> Solar System. The Solar System is a collection of planets, moons, asteroids and comets and other rocky objects orbiting the Sun.

There was some material left over from the solar nebula once the Sun and the planets had formed. Copyright 2000 - 2020 © European Space Agency. Our Sun is only one of billions of stars in our galaxy, known as the Milky Way. At various times throughout the year the Earth crosses these streams and for a few nights an observers can witness a meteor shower. 12 0 obj We often hear of asteroids on the news, when near-Earth asteroids pass close enough to our planet to cause concern of a potential impact either now, or in the future.

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Annual Parallax is the difference between the position of a star observed from the Earth and by a hypothetical observer at the Sun.

This means that the celestial pole, which currently points at the star Polaris, changes with time. After a few billion years, the relatively loose collections of stars known as open clusters will no longer be held together by gravity and the cluster will stop existing. The other galaxies in the Local Group are between 80 000 to three million light years away from the Milky Way. . Consequently, these outer Jovian planets are much larger than the terrestrial planets. New Vocabulary Star Planet A large object that In all, our galaxy contains over 1 billion stars. Thousands of rocky bodies, the largest being around 1000 km across, orbit the Sun. The main scientific goal of the joint ESA-NASA Ulysses deep-space mission is observing the unexplored region of space above the Sun's poles, a first for solar observatories. Careful examination of the 'View of the sky changing over 24 hours' animation (above) shows the Pole Star also leaving a star trail since it is ¾ of a degree away from the celestial pole.

Introduction: Animal vs. Human Communication 43 47-48 Broadcast Transmission and Directional Reception 44 48-49 Creativity/Novelty/ Prevarication 45 49-50 white dwarfs - a star with up to 1.44 solar mass that is made up entirely of electrons. View Guided Notes - Introduction to the Universe.pdf from ASTRONOMY MISC at Santa Monica College. The Sun is the powerhouse of the Solar System. Comets are often referred to as 'dirty snowballs', as they are made up of ice and dust.

The next nearest galaxy is Andromeda (M31 in the Messier catalogue), at a distance of 2.3 million light years. novae - a star that undergoes a sudden increase in brightness by around 10 magnitudes and then declines over a period of months, supernovae - a massive star that has exploded, Planetary nebulae - remains of an old dying star, Emission - glows in the presence of UV light, Reflection - shines by reflected starlight, Absorption - dark, seen only as a silhouette, Gas Clouds and Inter-stellar Medium (ISM). endobj Some of this debris remains in our Solar System in the form of asteroids and comets. Eventually these clusters slowly evaporate. The largest known asteroid is Ceres with a diameter of roughly 1000 km. However, although these stars may form shapes that are recognisable to us here on Earth, they do not usually have any real link to each other, as they are often at different distances from the Earth, and are in fact very far away from each other.
It was created around 50 000 years ago when a 50 m wide rock hit the ground at an estimated speed of 65 000 kilometres per hour. Within the Milky Way, the nearest star to the Sun is Proxima Centauri, which is about 4.4 light years away. ^��r�I2��bźL&. Asteroids, which are sometimes called minor planets, are rocky bodies mostly found in the planetary region between Mars and Jupiter. The study of the Sun, its environment and how the material it discharges interacts with other worlds in the Solar System is of great interest to us all. In recent years observations have begun to probe the extent of another source of asteroid type objects (transneptunian objects) in the Kuiper Belt stretching 30 to maybe 100 AU. x��ȶ�1P��f�Hٲ� �� v:�NI$�~�Fc�̞�� The Solar System is believed to extend out to at least 150 000 million km from the Sun, although the planets are all found within about 6000 million km. Yet, they are different because icy materials such as frozen water, carbon dioxide and methane were also available. variables - stars whose brightness varies periodically, binaries - 70% of all stars in our galaxy exist in multiple star systems.

The nearest galactic objects are the Magellanic Clouds. Kepler's three laws of planetary motion define the motion of the planets around the Sun, and the movement of moons around their parent planet. D�w�eWIF=0��j�^FZ� b� a stream The ones we can see travel around the Sun in highly elliptical orbits taking from a few years to thousands of years to return to the inner Solar System. The most visible open clusters are the Pleiades and Hyades, both to be found in the constellation of Taurus. endstream There are now over 100 known moons in the orbit around the planets of the Solar System. � endobj << /Filter /FlateDecode /S 49 /Length 72 >> The distance to stars in our galaxy is obtained using a technique called parallax. Our Solar System is thought to have formed 4.6 x 109 years ago from a vast, rotating cloud of gas and dust known as the solar nebula. Again, while some poetry might very well deal with universal truths, this is probably not the case for all. Much of this material orbits the Sun in distinct streams, usually as debris from different comets. 11 0 obj A similar process formed the outer planets of the Solar System: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Occasionally small rocks or dust particles enter the Earth's atmosphere. There are at least 150 periodic comets. 14 0 obj In order to comprehend the enormity of space, astronomers use a variety of methods to measure the distances between stars and between galaxies. Introduction to the Universe. Rocky-icy bodies in elliptical orbits travel through the Solar System developing a large tail of gas and dust in their orbit as they draw closer to the Sun. Figure 1.1: Barringer Meteor Crater (credit: NASA). Table 1.3: Dates of Primary Meteor Showers. endobj Our own galaxy, the Milky Way, is around 120 000 light years across and the Sun occupies a position roughly 28 000 light years from the centre. If you observe the night sky regularly over the course of one year, you will notice that the constellations appear to change their position slightly from one night to the next at any given time, only returning to their original positions once a year. As the solar nebula rotated, its gravity began to attract gas and dust towards the centre, eventually forming our Sun. An Introduction to Universal Disaggregation B ac k g r o u n d W i t h t h e r o l l o u t o f A M I i n f r as t r u c t u r e , l e adi n g u t i l i t i e s ar e r e al i z i n g t h e be n e f i t s o f

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