before the introduction of the australian ballot to the american system, each ballot was

h޴X{o�6��s�S|��P�I�&[��I��$j�ՏĖ�v�~��,�v�À�r:��;�OG��0�2��P(k�,B��e��BIbt��B��0�8�*( I said in the first lecture that attackers should be considered to be lazy that is they go for the weakest link, the easiest way to, to defeat the security of the system. One place the things can go wrong is with the counting process. But, really, she leaves that ballot blank, and just takes the criminal's pre-voted ballot and just puts it in the ballot box. If you went to extraordinary lengths you could try to keep your ballot secret. The government of course had to pay for and print the ballot papers. But is added another complication because you have to decide in advance who is going to be on the ballot.

Which really reveals one of the, the major weaknesses here. h�b```��,��ˀ ��@�� QY�1Gٮ��YצZ��+��tM�i��I�XB5�U�*Fm0^�/��v��[�dób�9�ҍg��1.^^��a$p04`E �$�u!�00��,@�� Most famously, by, by this gentleman Boss Tweed who ran the New York political machine called Tammany Hall. But all of this complexity added to the cost and created new questions. 485 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<0269A0D64AD5B9BA20978059E8A2F597><3DC430E137C76C46A18842588A29674B>]/Index[471 81]/Info 470 0 R/Length 94/Prev 364231/Root 472 0 R/Size 552/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream Wittrock et al. The, the paper ballot we talked about in the last segment introduced at least some weak protections for voter privacy. South Australia develops the ‘Australian ballot’ South Australia passed secret ballot legislation only a month after Victoria with New South Wales following suit in 1858. And, since the I-, introduction of the Australian ballot … There was just almost no end to the cleverness of the people trying to cheat. Is to put a serial number on every ballot.

A fancier way to do it that has a better trade off, is to have the serial number be on a detachable stump that can be pulled off of the ballot when it's put into the box, keeping the ballots looking the same.
0 The ballet on the left on the other hand is a, a slightly less familiar style. The system is one means of achieving the goal of political privacy. through the introduction of an “Australian” ballot. It's also possible to subtract votes. One of the defenses that you can apply to, to try to prevent this. It's called an overvote so it would be very easy to add a second mark and, and convert a ballot into an overvoted ballot for a short pencil artist. However, South Australia made a change to the voting mechanism whereby instead of deleting the names of unwanted candidates, voters marked an X beside the name of the candidates they wanted. Let's ask what could go wrong. the introduction of the Australian ballot at the end of the nineteenth century. As you can see from this, this caricature of Tweed.

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The one on the right illustrates the introduction of target for the voters mark. endstream endobj 472 0 obj <> endobj 473 0 obj <> endobj 474 0 obj <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> endobj 475 0 obj <>stream h�b```b``�a`2N02 � P��9�@@P@��HI�a�^�؁� E��\�d�crq4a�2p.P��z�9�q��]`a``|��b㵒�yǘ��:l�(��FHh�"U%%�T�Z�,A��#�,��Er뻤#bg�x(�H4�П��C�Xn#��{+��8��0��١�ѤС��tΉ�[�Cu�Q��@��!�A��_&f&��4L��F�0 ��?Hs�آ��6]��>��4O�E�q�}�o��3��.��5��.�U3>a`Lzb �3H�1��N` �/�V ]��ڽ"��` n�}s Construction Engineering and Management Certificate, Machine Learning for Analytics Certificate, Innovation Management & Entrepreneurship Certificate, Sustainabaility and Development Certificate, Spatial Data Analysis and Visualization Certificate, Master's of Innovation & Entrepreneurship. We'll take a look at the past, present, and future of election technologies and explore the various spaces intersected by voting, including computer security, human factors, public policy, and more. And this resulted in the desire to introduce even more new and different kinds of voting technology into the polling place. Welcome back. And Tweed and his cronies are thought to have stolen as much as $200,000,000 from the people while they controlled New York City. That's pre-filled out for the candidate he wants to support. As, as I said in the first lecture, security is almost never free.

Since you could no longer easily make sure that the voter voted the way you paid them to vote. So ensuring that each voter's ballot looked the same, except for the mark that they placed to indicate the preferred candidate, helped to provide a much stronger form of ballot secrecy. We see also that now there's a desk to sign in. I said in the first lecture that attackers should be considered to be lazy that is they go for the weakest link, the easiest way to, to defeat the security of the system.

But despite this there were also a lot of new costs associated with the introduction of the Australian ballot and we see some of them in this illustration too. And some of these cost benefit tradeoffs are clearly at work. Then she goes back to the criminal waiting outside and hands him this new blank ballot she has picked up in exchange for some reward. So in introducing new security, we've also introduced new costs and complexity. So if you have a ballot where the voter has voted for the, the candidate you don't like, you can just add a second mark, a second choice to that race, thereby having more than the allowed number.

But that didn't work if the voter was lazy, if the voter was coerced, or if the voter was intimidated. This is effective, but it also weakens the secrecy of the ballots. Assessments can be frustrating (i.e. endstream endobj startxref %%EOF The law disqualifies ballots that have other kinds of identifying marks to say something, something scribbled or drawn outside of the, the voting targets. It took further advances to provide strong protection for ballot secrecy in the voting process. Then we see a partially transparent ballot box another one of the security innovations at work. Software Testing, Cybersecurity, Usability, Operating System.

There are some incredible stories about the level of corruption in vote counting under Boss Tweed's watch. In the context of ballot reform, prior research suggests that adoption of the Australian ballot led to a decrease in partyunity voting.

And this led to the, the growth of what are known as short pencil artists. That is, political operatives who would use a small pencil or perhaps just a small piece of pencil lead hidden under their fingernail to add marks to ballots as they were counting. �6�m�,lY��*`T��-S��#֠2�r��)��:닟~��Y But because there many different ways that a voter could encode their identity on the ballot and thereby convey it to. So you can see these two styles of ballots really show off these new features. It turns out that there is a lot that can go wrong with the Australian ballot both violations of integrity and violations of ballot secrecy.

Prior to its adoption participation in elections were at staggering levels by modern standards. Taught very well. Voter registration was coming into use in most of the country around this time. Would be very easy too, for the counting people to add this kind of mark to a ballot using a piece of pencil lead under their fingernail. �9��C*��*�f"Q� �E^� So it represents a kind of security trade off. �t�),Կ�L�30z So as we gird ourselves for the upcoming election, enduring long lines, bureaucratic frustrations, faulty machines, and a global pandemic, take a minute to appreciate the mundane looking ballot you are …
State turnout for

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The criminal now has a fresh blank ballot, he can fill in with the candidate of his choice, and wait for the next voter to come along and repeat the cycle. The pre-printed ballot. But they were widely believed to be corrupt and known to be corrupt as, at the time. You have a list of all the candidates and the voter can just put an x or a check into the box next to the candidates of their choice. Can achieve pretty good security properties if we have high integrity people doing the count and guarantee observers are there, and if we take a wide variety of procedural precautions, like the serial numbers to come back, chain voting, and voter registration and so forth.

At the polling place, she picks up a new blank ballot as, of the kind handed out to every voter, and goes to the voting booth and pretends to fill it in. endstream endobj 948 0 obj <.

His operatives controlled many of the polling places and there were numerous occasions were they would just throw all of the observers out of the room and then come back and announce whatever results they liked. That's considered an illegal vote. A great course Prof. Halderman explains the concept of Digital Democracy from the past to the current events in our society. endstream endobj startxref So along comes a voter whose willing to participate into, in this scheme and she takes the criminals pre filled ballot over to the poling place.

So the voters have to come in and their name is going to be checked crossed off the list. Here he's saying, as long as I count the votes, what are you going to do about it? supports HTML5 video. You can easily add a vote just by adding a mark with that pencil under your nail. The idea here is that rather than having the voter bring their own ballot paper or having the parties provide one the election authorities, the government, is going to print at its own expense ballot papers that the, the voters then just come into the polling site and just to fill-in in secret inside a voting booth. There's a voter coming out of one now, holding his, his ballot paper.

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