characteristics of elements in chemistry


), and shape. Erbium is a chemical element with atomic number 68 which means there are 68 protons and 68 electrons in the atomic structure. Mass was no longer considered unchangeable in the closed system. Einsteinium is the seventh transuranic element, and an actinide. Below the boiling point, the liquid is the more stable state of the two, whereas above the gaseous form is preferred. Elements with high ionization energies have high electronegativities due to the strong pull exerted by the positive nucleus on the negative electrons.

Discoverer: Corson, Dale R. and Mackenzie, K. R. The actinide or actinoid series encompasses the 15 metallic chemical elements with atomic numbers from 89 to 103, actinium through lawrencium. Rising temperatures make the liquid expand in a liquid-in-tube thermometer and bend bimetallic strips. The higher the associated electronegativity number, the more an element or compound attracts electrons towards it. As can be seen, the boiling point of a liquid varies depending upon the surrounding environmental pressure. This causes the atomic radius to decrease. The chemical symbol for Californium is Cf. Praseodymium is a soft, silvery, malleable and ductile metal, valued for its magnetic, electrical, chemical, and optical properties.
Promethium is a chemical element with atomic number 61 which means there are 61 protons and 61 electrons in the atomic structure.

Europium is one of the least abundant elements in the universe.  The density of Hassium results from its high atomic weight and from the significant decrease in ionic radii of the elements in the lanthanide series, known as lanthanide and actinide contraction.

These condensers use tubes that are usually made of stainless steel, copper alloys, or titanium depending on several selection criteria (such as thermal conductivity or corrosion resistance). Electrons with low ionization energies have low electronegativities because their nuclei do not exert a strong attractive force on electrons.
Infoplease is a reference and learning site, combining the contents of an encyclopedia, a dictionary, an atlas and several almanacs loaded with facts. Pure germanium is a semiconductor with an appearance similar to elemental silicon. Semiconductors are materials, inorganic or organic, which have the ability to control their conduction depending on chemical structure, temperature, illumination, and presence of dopants. Neodymium is a soft silvery metal that tarnishes in air. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Naturally occurring potassium is composed of three isotopes, of which 40K is radioactive. Solids are similar to liquids in that both are condensed states, with particles that are far closer together than those of a gas.

The symbol of resistivity is usually the Greek letter ρ (rho). Nearly all technetium is produced synthetically, and only minute amounts are found in the Earth’s crust. The excess neutrons act somewhat like nuclear glue. Only two stable nuclides have fewer neutrons than protons: hydrogen-1 and helium-3. The chemical symbol for Plutonium is Pu. The greater the negative value, the more stable the anion is. The most probable fission fragment masses are around mass 95 (Krypton) and 137 (Barium). Dense gases such as xenon and dichlorodifluoromethane have low thermal conductivity. The chemical symbol for Ytterbium is Yb. Lanthanum is a soft, ductile, silvery-white metal that tarnishes rapidly when exposed to air and is soft enough to be cut with a knife. The chemical symbol for Iodine is I. Iodine is the heaviest of the stable halogens, it exists as a lustrous, purple-black metallic solid at standard conditions that sublimes readily to form a violet gas. It must be noted, atoms lack a well-defined outer boundary. Zirconium is a lustrous, grey-white, strong transition metal that resembles hafnium and, to a lesser extent, titanium. Gold is thought to have been produced in supernova nucleosynthesis, from the collision of neutron stars. Ionization energy is is related with electronegativity and electron affinity. The effect of temperature, pressure, and chemical species on the thermal conductivity of a gas may be explained in terms of the kinetic theory of gases. Pure radium is silvery-white alkaline earth metal. Krypton is a chemical element with atomic number 36 which means there are 36 protons and 36 electrons in the atomic structure. Note that, ionization energies measure the tendency of a neutral atom to resist the loss of electrons. Niobium is a soft, grey, ductile transition metal, often found in the minerals pyrochlore (the main commercial source for niobium) and columbite. The second ionization energy is always greater than the first ionization energy. Krypton is a member of group 18 (noble gases) elements. The chemical symbol for Hafnium is Hf. Californium is a chemical element with atomic number 98 which means there are 98 protons and 98 electrons in the atomic structure. The chemical symbol for Uranium is U. Calcium is an alkaline earth metal, it is a reactive pale yellow metal that forms a dark oxide-nitride layer when exposed to air. It is the Pauli exclusion principle that requires the electrons in an atom to occupy different energy levels instead of them all condensing in the ground state. See also: Densest Materials of the Earth. Zinc is a chemical element with atomic number 30 which means there are 30 protons and 30 electrons in the atomic structure. Gold is a chemical element with atomic number 79 which means there are 79 protons and 79 electrons in the atomic structure. On the atomic scale, physicists have found that quantum mechanics describes things very well on that scale. Heat capacity is an extensive property of matter, meaning it is proportional to the size of the system. Heat capacity C has the unit of energy per degree or energy per kelvin.

Radon is a radioactive, colorless, odorless, tasteless noble gas. Discoverer: Davy, Sir H. and Thénard, L.-J.

Lawrencium is the final member of the actinide series. The chemical symbol for Radon is Rn. The atomic radius of an element is half of the distance between the centers of two atoms of that element that are just touching each other. The chemical symbol for Mendelevium is Md. The name xenon for this gas comes from the Greek word ξένον [xenon], neuter singular form of ξένος [xenos], meaning ‘foreign(er)’, ‘strange(r)’, or ‘guest’.

Antimony compounds have been known since ancient times and were powdered for use as medicine and cosmetics, often known by the Arabic name, kohl. Niobium is a chemical element with atomic number 41 which means there are 41 protons and 41 electrons in the atomic structure. It is the eponym of the lanthanide series, a group of 15 similar elements between lanthanum and lutetium in the periodic table, of which lanthanum is the first and the prototype.

The higher the electronegativity of an atom, the greater its attraction for bonding electrons. Nuclear stability is a concept that helps to identify the stability of an isotope. Erbium is a silvery-white solid metal when artificially isolated, natural erbium is always found in chemical combination with other elements. The chemical symbol for Arsenic is As.

The chemical symbol for Dysprosium is Dy. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, inert, monatomic gas, the first in the noble gas group in the periodic table.

Moreover: For example, sodium requires only 496 kJ/mol or 5.14 eV/atom to ionize it.

The chemical symbol for Oxygen is O. Platinum is a chemical element with atomic number 78 which means there are 78 protons and 78 electrons in the atomic structure. Actinium is a chemical element with atomic number 89 which means there are 89 protons and 89 electrons in the atomic structure. Since nucleons (protons and neutrons) make up most of the mass of ordinary atoms, the density of normal matter tends to be limited by how closely we can pack these nucleons and depends on the internal atomic structure of a substance. In fact, in pure metals such as gold, silver, copper, and aluminum, the heat current associated with the flow of electrons by far exceeds a small contribution due to the flow of phonons. Group VIII elements, noble gases, have electron affinities near zero since each atom possesses a stable octet and will not accept an electron readily. Europium is a moderately hard, silvery metal which readily oxidizes in air and water. Tellurium is a brittle, mildly toxic, rare, silver-white metalloid. Atoms with stronger effective nuclear charge have greater electron affinity. The chemical symbol for Silver is Ag.

Thorium is a naturally-occurring element and it is estimated to be about three times more abundant than uranium. The ionization energy associated with removal of the first electron is most commonly used. The temperature at which the phase transition occurs is the melting point. All isotopes of radium are highly radioactive, with the most stable isotope being radium-226. Although neodymium is classed as a rare earth, it is a fairly common element. Oxidation state 0 occurs for all elements – it is simply the element in its elemental form. Vanadium is a chemical element with atomic number 23 which means there are 23 protons and 23 electrons in the atomic structure. Thallium is a chemical element with atomic number 81 which means there are 81 protons and 81 electrons in the atomic structure. For other isotopes, the isotopic mass usually differs and is usually within 0.1 u of the mass number. Elements tend to gain or lose valence electrons to achieve stable octet formation. Chemically, indium is similar to gallium and thallium. In addition to this activity, there are two other important trends. The number of electrons in each element’s electron shells, particularly the outermost valence shell, is the primary factor in determining its chemical bonding behavior. In general, melting is a phase change of a substance from the solid to the liquid phase.

Its physical and chemical properties are most similar to its heavier homologues strontium and barium. The chemical symbol for Helium is He. Actinium is a soft, silvery-white radioactive metal. The closer and more tightly bound an electron is to the nucleus, the more difficult it will be to remove, and the higher its ionization energy will be. The chemical symbol for Protactinium is Pa. Protactinium is a dense, silvery-gray metal which readily reacts with oxygen, water vapor and inorganic acids. It is fairly soft and slowly tarnishes in air.

Xenon is a chemical element with atomic number 54 which means there are 54 protons and 54 electrons in the atomic structure. Atomic Mass Number – Does it conserve in a nuclear reaction.

Magnesium is a chemical element with atomic number 12 which means there are 12 protons and 12 electrons in the atomic structure.

In case of liquid to gas phase change, this amount of energy is known as the enthalpy of vaporization, (symbol ∆Hvap; unit: J) also known as the (latent) heat of vaporization or heat of evaporation. The chemical symbol for Erbium is Er. Chromium is a steely-grey, lustrous, hard and brittle metal4 which takes a high polish, resists tarnishing, and has a high melting point. The chemical symbol for Neodymium is Nd. Antimony is a lustrous gray metalloid, it is found in nature mainly as the sulfide mineral stibnite. Examples of chemical properties could include heat caused by combustion, a chemical’s reaction with water, or the pH of an element. The chemical symbol for Niobium is Nb. It is also sometimes considered the first element of the 6th-period transition metals and is traditionally counted among the rare earth elements. from ionizing radiation) to cross the band gap and to reach the conduction band. The chemical symbol for Americium is Am. The chemical symbol for Ruthenium is Ru. Hydrogen is a chemical element with atomic number 1 which means there are 1 protons and 1 electrons in the atomic structure.

Titanium can be used in surface condensers.

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